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"Burns, Paul"
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Butler's lives of the saints : the third millennium
\"During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II has proclaimed an unprecedented number of saints and blesseds. This text covers the most recent examples, as well as updating the blesseds who have since been canonized.\" --GBP.
Identification of mosquito proteins that differentially interact with alphavirus nonstructural protein 3, a determinant of vector specificity
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and the closely related onyong-nyong virus (ONNV) are arthritogenic arboviruses that have caused significant, often debilitating, disease in millions of people. However, despite their kinship, they are vectored by different mosquito subfamilies that diverged 180 million years ago (anopheline versus culicine subfamilies). Previous work indicated that the nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) of these alphaviruses was partially responsible for this vector specificity. To better understand the cellular components controlling alphavirus vector specificity, a cell culture model system of the anopheline restriction of CHIKV was developed along with a protein expression strategy. Mosquito proteins that differentially interacted with CHIKV nsP3 or ONNV nsP3 were identified. Six proteins were identified that specifically bound ONNV nsP3, ten that bound CHIKV nsP3 and eight that interacted with both. In addition to identifying novel factors that may play a role in virus/vector processing, these lists included host proteins that have been previously implicated as contributing to alphavirus replication.
Journal Article
Foretelling the Future: Predicting STI Diagnosis and Its Implications for Ending the HIV Epidemic among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men
Despite evidence of the link between STI and HIV transmission, STI rates remain alarmingly high, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities. This study examined the relationship between earlier STI diagnoses (gonorrhea and chlamydia) and future STI acquisition and its implications for HIV prevention among a sample of urban Black men who have sex with men (Black MSM). Data from a cohort of 600 Black MSM (15–29 years of age) residing in a medium-size Southern city enrolled in a HIV prevention intervention were analyzed. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between STI diagnosis (baseline: Time 1) and subsequent STI diagnosis (90-day post-diagnosis: Time 2). Repeated measures analyzed at Time 1 and Time 2 included condomless sex, insertive and receptive sex, concurrent sexual partnerships, multiple partners, and age of partner. Independent of socio-demographic factors, we found having a prior GC/CT increased the likelihood of a future GC/CT by a factor of 15 (OR = 15.2,
p
= 0.01). Participants were statistically more likely to have been diagnosed with an extragenital STI (OR = 2.3,
p
= 0.05). Present findings suggest that time of initial STI diagnosis is a critical period in which to intervene to reduce future STI/HIV acquisition. Screening guidelines should be expanded to include testing for extragenital infection. STI screening and treatment and counseling programs should be culturally appropriate to account for the unique needs and the social and environmental context of the population. Additional research is needed to design STI prevention interventions that address social and environmental factors to reduce sexual risk behaviors that increase HIV vulnerability for Black MSM.
Journal Article
كتاب أكسفورد المختصر في الطب النفسي
هذا الكتاب غني عن التعريف فهو معروف على المستوى الدولي والعربي منذ صدور طبعته الأول وحتى الطبعة الحالية السابعة، والتي تحتوي على الطب النفسي بشكله المعاصر. كتاب أكسفورد المختصر في الطب النفسي معترف به بشكل واسع، هو كتاب أساسي للمتدربين في الطب النفسي، ويقف هذا الكتاب متميزا فوق التنافس. واكتسب زخما على مدى سبع طبعات، يتميز الكتاب بالسلاسة والسهولة، السلطة والبصيرة وهذه نادرا ما تجدها في الكتب المرجعية، مما يجعل عملية اكتساب المعلومات منة فعالة وممتعة. الكتاب يقدم استهلالا لكل المواضيع السريرية، والاختصاصات الفرعية، والاضطرابات النفسية الأساسية الكبيرة المطلوبة للأطباء المتدربين في الطب النفسي. طول صفحات الكتاب، يؤكد المؤلفون على المهارات السريرية الأساسية المطلوبة لاستكمال تقييم وفهم حالة المريض. مناقشة أشكال العلاج المتاحة تشمل بالإضافة إلى الدلائل العلمية المشاكل العملية في تدبير المرضى في إطار الأسرة والمجتمع. تم إعطاء الانتباه الكامل للجوانب الأخلاقية والقانونية من خلال المقاربة المستندة على الدليل للممارسة التي تقدم في هذا الكتاب. الكتاب يعطي ظهورا متساويا للتقسيم الدولي العاشر للأمراض، والتقسيم الأمريكي الخامس، وهذا يجعل الكتاب مفيدا للممارسين في كل أنحاء العالم، وهذا التوجه للعالمية تم تدعيمه بفصل عن الصحة النفسية العالمية. ولاستعراض الكتاب وفصوله فإنه يقع في ستة وعشرين فصلا، تغطي كافة جوانب الطب النفسي بداية بالأعراض والعلامات النفسية التي تساعد في التعرف على الاضطرابات المختلفة من شكوى المريض ومن يحيط به إلى المظاهر التي يراها الطبيب أثناء الفحص، إلى التصنيف بأشكاله وأنواعه مع التركيز على التصنيف الدولي العاشر والأمريكي الخامس، والتقييم للحالة الذي لا بد أن يقوم به من يقيم الحالة، فالأخلاقيات والقوانين المدنية ذات العلاقة.
Book
Abuse in the Continua: HIV Prevention and Care Outcomes and Syndemic Conditions Associated with Intimate Partner Violence Among Black Gay and Bisexual Men in the Southern United States
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been implicated in HIV acquisition and worse HIV outcomes. Limited research focuses on the experiences of Black gay and bisexual men. Using data from cross-sectional surveys in Baltimore, Maryland, and Jackson, Mississippi, we analyzed the association between IPV victimization and HIV-related outcomes among 629 adult Black gay and bisexual men, among whom 53% self-reported a negative result at last HIV test. 40% of participants reported lifetime physical, sexual, and/or psychological IPV victimization, and 24% past-year victimization. Recent and lifetime IPV were associated with recent clinical diagnosis of STI (adjPrR: 1.44; 95%CI: 1.08–1.92) and ART medication interruptions (adjPrR: 1.59; 95%CI: 1.25–2.01), respectively. Physical IPV was inversely associated with current PrEP use (adjPrR: 0.35; 95%CI: 0.13–0.90). Recent IPV was independently correlated with depression symptomatology (adjPrR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.61–3.47) and hazardous alcohol use (adjPrR: 1.93; 95%CI: 1.42–2.61), with evidence of interactions. IPV-HIV relationships were intersected by internalized stigma, housing instability, poverty, and lack of insurance. Tailored IPV services are urgently needed for comprehensive HIV services for Black gay and bisexual men in the U.S.
Journal Article
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among African American and Hispanic Adolescents and Young Adults: a Systematic Review
While African American and Hispanic adolescents and young adults living in the USA are exposed to myriad stressors that may increase their risk for mental health difficulties, few studies have examined nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among these youth. The purpose of this systematic review was to critically examine and synthesize current literature on NSSI among these understudied youth. Using multiple search terms related to NSSI, race/ethnicity, and developmental stage, electronic literature searches of PubMed, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar databases retrieved 3036 relevant articles published in the English language between 2000 and 2018; manual reference checks yielded an additional 17 articles. Ultimately, a total of 52 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 15 articles were included in the present review. Although the majority of studies reported higher prevalence of NSSI among non-Hispanic White youth, evidence suggests that African American males are also at high risk of engaging in self-harm. Emotional dysregulation emerged as a common risk factor, while social support and feelings of connection were protective for some African American and Hispanic youth. Although racism and discrimination were not linked to NSSI in the reviewed studies, this remains an important area of future research for prevention and intervention efforts.
Journal Article
Family-Related Factors and HIV-Related Outcomes Among Black Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mississippi
Given their disproportionate HIV incidence, there is a critical need to identify factors related to HIV risk among Black young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the southeastern United States. This study investigated the association of family factors and HIV-related outcomes among Black YMSM in Mississippi ages 14–20 (n = 72). Multivariable regression models evaluated associations of family factors and outcomes. Greater parent/child communication about sex was associated with fewer lifetime male sex partners and lower odds of lifetime anal sex. Greater parental monitoring was associated with greater likelihood of future condom use. Sexual orientation disclosure was associated with more lifetime male sex partners. Parental monitoring and parent/child communication about sex were protective, suggesting that family-based interventions are promising for HIV prevention among Black YMSM in Mississippi. Results also indicated that YMSM who are “out” to family are important to reach, and families could be useful in encouraging healthy behaviors.
Journal Article
Acute ischemic stroke with tandem lesions: technical endovascular management and clinical outcomes from the ESCAPE trial
BackgroundTandem occlusions of the extracranial carotid and intracranial carotid or middle cerebral artery have a particularly poor prognosis without treatment. Several management strategies have been used with no clear consensus recommendations. We examined subjects with tandem occlusions enrolled in the ESCAPE trial and their outcomes.MethodsData are from the ESCAPE trial. Additional data were sought on interventions for each subject.ResultsThere were 54 (17%) subjects with tandem extracranial and intracranial occlusions. Patients in the endovascular treatment arm (n=30) were more likely to be younger (median age 66 years, p<0.01), male (66.7%, p=0.03), diabetic, and without atrial fibrillation. Subjects with tandem occlusions were more likely to have intracranial internal carotid artery occlusions than M1 occlusions (p<0.01). Of the 30 intervention-arm subjects, 17 (57%) underwent emergency endovascular treatment of the extracranial disease, 10 subjects before and seven subjects after intracranial thrombectomy. Of the remaining 13 subjects, only four required staged carotid revascularization due to persistent severe carotid stenosis; four had cervical pseudo-occlusions with no residual stenosis after large distal carotid thrombus burden aspiration/retrieval. Outcomes were similar between subjects with and without tandem lesions. The use of antithrombotic agents after acute carotid artery stenting was variable but no symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was seen in subjects who underwent emergency endovascular treatment of extracranial carotid artery.ConclusionsTandem occlusions occurred in one-sixth of patients and were treated highly variably within the ESCAPE trial. While outcomes were similar, the best method to treat the carotid artery in patients with tandem occlusion awaits further randomized data.Trial registration numberNCT01778335.
Journal Article
Monitoring Intersectional Stigma: A Key Strategy to Ending the HIV Epidemic in the United States
Barriers to HIV prevention and treatment in the United States persist. Although the Endingthe HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative holds promise, the success of the program may be stymied by inadequate frameworks and tools for monitoring intersectional stigma. Originating from a Black feminist critique of the consequences of treating race and gender as mutually exclusive categories,1 intersectionality is a theoretical framework that examines how intersecting and mutually interdependent forms of power and oppression (e.g., racism, classism, cisgenderism, ableism) drive health inequities.2 Given that populations most affected by HIV are often impacted by stigma related to multiple axes of marginalization (e.g., race, socioeconomic position, sexual orientation), intersectionality is a valuable framework to understanding HIV inequities in the United States, and monitoring for intersectional stigma should be a key component of EHE activities because it allows for assessing health status and relevant behaviors over time to better determine intervention needs. We view monitoring expansively as ongoing, systematic processes to collect, analyze, disseminate, and utilize information regarding precursors, mechanisms, and outcomes of intersectional stigma within multilevel spheres of influence (e.g., within both academic research and public health practice). In this article, we discuss (1) current data sources and opportunities for monitoring intersectional stigma in public health practice, (2) key gaps within intersectional stigma research, and (3) implementation strategies for successful monitoring, which we believe will lead to more comprehensive, equitable, and ethical EHE interventions in the United States.
Journal Article